The immunosensor was incubated with a standard carbofuran solution (10 g/mL) for different times from 4 to 32 min, and then tested in 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.0). of working answer, the concentration of Ab and the incubation time of carbofuran were studied to ensure the sensitivity and conductivity of the immunosensor. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of the proposed immunosensor for the determination of carbofuran was from 1 ng/mL to 100 Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (Nhdc) g/mL and from 50 g/mL to 200 g/mL with a detection limit of 0.33 ng/mL (S/N = 3). The proposed immunosensor exhibited good high sensitivity and stability, and it was thus suitable for trace detection of carbofuran pesticide residues. reported a label-free electrochemical immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles for the direct determination of paraoxon. The recovery of paraoxon in river water using the designed immunosensor ranged between 93.5C109% [6]. For electrochemical immnunosensors, because pesticides are small molecule compounds, in fact, the electro-signal Rabbit Polyclonal to CKI-gamma1 change due to the immunoreaction is usually faint. Thus, Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (Nhdc) the use of direct immunoreactions for pesticide detection is still a challenge. During the fabrication of an immunosensor, the immobilization of the antigen or antibody onto the electrode surface is usually a difficult and crucial step, which heavily influences the performance of the resulting immunosensor. At present the main immobilization approaches include the electropolymerization entrapment technique Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (Nhdc) using, for example, a polypyrrole monolayer film [17], polypyrrole/polybilayer film [18], self-assembled monolayers [19], or sol-gel film [20] Ag/AgCl (saturated KCl), with a voltage amplitude of 5 mV. The carbofuran detection was based on the variation of current response (= ? and were the sensors responses before and after immunoreaction to the carbofuran, respectively. 2.5. Preparation and Determination of Real Samples Cabbage and lettuce were purchased from a supermarket and cleaned three times using double-distilled water. Different concentrations of carbofuran answer were sprinkled on the surface of cabbage and lettuce [23]. After 24 h, samples weighing 10 g were chopped and meshed. Then a mixed answer of 1 1 mL acetone and 9 mL 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) were added to each sample. All the above experiments were maintained under a nitrogen atmosphere and the mixed answer was treated under ultrasound for 20 min. The suspensions were centrifuged (10 min, 10,000 rpm) and the supernatants were directly detected by CV without any extraction or preconcentration. 3.?Results and Discussion 3.1. Cyclic Voltammetry Characterization Physique 1 shows the cyclic voltammograms of SiSG/GCE,Ab/SiSG/GCE and carbofuran/Ab/SiSG/GCE in the presence of 0.01 M PBS (pH 7) and 5.0 mmol/L [Fe(CN)6]3?/4? at a scan rate of 100 mV/s, respectively. The cyclic voltammograms of SiSG/GCE (curve a) exhibited a defined reversible redox behavior attributed to high electron-transfer between [Fe(CN)6]3?/4? answer and the electrode which was altered with SiSG with a three-dimensional network mass. With the attachment of the Ab/SiSG film on the surface of the electrode, the magnitude of current decreased (curve b) due to the complex of silica gel and antibody partially blocking the electron transfer between [Fe(CN)6]3?/4? answer and the electrode. Similarly, after Ab/SiSG/GCE was incubated in 0.01 M Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (Nhdc) PBS (pH 7.5) containing a certain concentration of carbofuran pesticide, the magnitude of current was further Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (Nhdc) decreased (curve c), which also indicated the electron transfer blocking action of Ab/SiSG. The formed immuno-complex on the surface of the Ab/SiSG/GCE further blocked electron-transfer between [Fe(CN)6]3?/4? answer and the electrode, which led to a decrease of the current of the carbofuran/Ab/SiSG/GCE sensor. This clearly suggested that this SiSG plays a crucial role as immobilizing agent for Ab, allowing them to retain their native structure and consequently also their bioelectrochemical properties, and indicated a very good permeability of the SiSG layer to [Fe(CN)6]3?/4? [24]. Open in a separate window Physique 1. Cyclic voltammograms of SiSG/GCE (a) and Ab/SiSG/GCE (b), Ab/SiSG/GCE incubated in 10 g/mL of carbofuran for 20 min (c) in the presence of 0.01 M pH 7.0 PBS and 5.0 mmol/L [Fe(CN)6]3?/4?. The scan rate was 100 mV/s. 3.2. Impedance Spectroscopy Characterization The detailed electron-transfer behaviors of Ab/SiSG/GCE were also examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The clear semicircle portions were recorded in Nyquist plots of electrochemical impedance spectra (Physique 2) for the SiSG/GCE (curve a), Ab/SiSG/GCE (curve b), and carbofuran/Ab/SiSG/GCE (curve c), respectively. Open in a separate window Physique 2. Impendance spectra corresponding to SiSG/GCE in 5 mmol/L [Fe(CN)6]3?/4? answer: (a), the Ab/SiSG/GCE before (b) and after (c) incubation in 10 g/mL of carbofuran in the presence of 0.01 M PBS (pH 7.0) answer and 5 mmol/L [Fe(CN)6]3?/4?. The electron-transfer resistances of the redox (Ret) for Ab/SiSG/GCE obviously increased after incubation with carbofuran (curve c). The increase of Ret was caused by electrically insulating bioconjugates produced from.