The first BCR complex, expressed in the pre-B cell stage, is composed of the heavy-chain gene product having a surrogate light chain ( 5-Vpre-B), together with the Ig/Ig heterodimer (147, 148). delineate and summarize these events in four methods along the antigen demonstration pathway: (1) antigen capture and uptake by B cells; (2) intersection of internalized antigen/BCRs complexes with MHCII in peptide-loading compartments; (3) generation and rules of MHCII/peptide complexes; and Tm6sf1 (4) exocytic transport for demonstration of MHCII/peptide complexes at the surface of B cells. Finally, we discuss modulation of the MHCII demonstration pathway across B cell development and maturation to effector cells, with an emphasis on the shaping of the MHCII/peptide repertoire by two important antigen demonstration regulators in B cells: HLA-DM and HLA-DO. afferent lymphatics and may reach B cell follicles in soluble form in the case MKT 077 of small antigens (<70?kDa) by movement through a conduit system that permeates the follicles (24, 25), or, for larger antigens and immune complexes, which are typically opsonized by match parts, intercepted by match receptors on a coating of SCS macrophages (SSMs) lining the follicular (FO) zone, and then passed between match receptors on various APCs and non-specific B cells. Immune complexes ultimately become tethered to the membrane of a follicular dendritic cell (FDC) (26, 27) for BCR scanning. The BCR is composed of a membrane-bound immunoglobulin (mIg) for antigen binding and a transmembrane Ig/Ig heterodimer for signaling (28). The mIg consists of two immunoglobulin light (L) chains and two weighty (H) chains, which have variable figures hydrophobic amino acid sequence motifs in their cytoplasmic tails, depending on the Ig isotype. Antigen acknowledgement is definitely mediated from the hypervariable regions of mIg VH and VL segments, which fold to form an antigen-binding site; signaling is definitely mediated from MKT 077 the cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motifs (ITAMs) of the connected Ig/Ig heterodimer. The spatial corporation of BCRs on resting B cell surfaces and the effect of antigen engagement on this corporation are incompletely recognized. An early study showed by transmission electron microscopy that almost all plasma membrane-associated proteins, including BCRs, are present in clusters termed protein islands (29). Recently, point localization-based, MKT 077 super resolution fluorescence microscopy offers provided information within the nanoscale spatial corporation of BCRs on B cell surfaces at the level of individual BCRs. The MKT 077 results of three such studies (30C32) are consistent with models in which BCRs exist as monomers and in protein islands, and antigen encounter induces the coalescence of these into active signalosomes (33). By contrast, the results of Maity et al. (34) were interpreted to be consistent with a model in which BCRs exist in clusters on resting B cell surfaces that are disrupted by antigen resulting in the initiation of signaling (35). Clearly much remains to be learned about the nanoscale corporation of BCRs that may add to our understanding of the initiation of BCR signaling. Ultimately, microclusters of BCR with bound antigen and additional co-receptors visible by diffraction-limited light microscopy form and encounter the intracellular tyrosine kinase Lyn. Lyn phosphorylates ITAMs on Ig and Ig chains in BCR microclusters, providing a docking site for the tyrosine kinase Syk which initiates intracellular signaling cascades that allow the B cell to internalize antigen (36) [observe Internalization of BCR and Intersection with MHCII in the MHCII Compartments (MIICs)]. Evidence from high-resolution total internal reflection microscopy in conjunction with fluorescence resonance energy transfer in living B cells argued that newly created BCR microclusters perturbed the local lipid environment leading to the association of microclusters having a lipid raft probe and that this association facilitated the recruitment of Lyn to the BCR microclusters (37). Soluble antigens are capable of initiating BCR clustering, but membrane-tethered antigens are more effective at inducing reactions (38). This points to a critical part MKT 077 for FDCs and their use of long-term non-degradative compartments to store and recycle immune complexes and serve as an antigen depot (27). SSMs may also play a role in antigen demonstration by conveying opsonized antigen directly to B.