First, to evaluate for the interaction where the level of the biomarker IHC value would be associated with a PFS or OS advantage in just the bevacizumab plus dasatinib-treated patients, who were used as a training set to determine the best cut-point for each of the five biomarkers. arms (7.3 months and 7.7 months, respectively; p=0.93). Objective response rate was 15.7% in Loxiglumide (CR1505) arm A and 26.3% in arm B (p=0.52), but with significantly longer duration in arm A patients (16.3 vs 2 mo). Incidence of grade 3 toxicity was comparable between arms, with hematologic toxicities occurring more frequently in arm A versus arm B (15.7% versus 7.9%). Correlative tissue analysis showed an association between pSRC/LYN signaling in patient tumors and outcome. Conclusion. Despite upregulation of Src signaling in GBM, the combination of bevacizumab with dasatinib did not significantly improve outcomes of patients with recurrent GBM, compared with bevacizumab alone. and xenograft model studies have confirmed that there is an increase in tumor invading cells following bevacizumab treatment,13C15 which represents a possible mechanism of resistance that undermines Loxiglumide (CR1505) bevacizumab efficacy. An increase in Src family kinase (SFK) activation is commonly found in GBM and it is associated with increased tumor cell invasion and motility.16 SFK signaling was found to be markedly upregulated at the invasive GBM front following bevacizumab administration.14 Dasatinib (BMS-354825) is a potent, oral ATP competitive, multi-targeted kinase inhibitor that inhibits all members of the Src family of kinases. Administration of this broad spectrum SFK inhibitor effectively inhibited bevacizumab-induced glioma invasion in an orthotopic xenograft model.14 Therefore, the combination of dasatinib with bevacizumab could have the potential to increase bevacizumab efficacy in GBM by blocking resistance mechanisms. Here, we report the results of a placebo-controlled phase I/randomized phase II trial designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab in combination with the broad spectrum Src kinase inhibitor dasatinib, compared with single-agent bevacizumab in recurrent GBM. Methods Study design and treatment In the phase I portion of the study, patients were enrolled in cohorts of 3 in a standard 3+3 phase I design. The primary objective of the phase Loxiglumide (CR1505) I study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). There were 4 pre-specified dose combination levels from 5 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.) bevacizumab every 2 weeks (q2wks) plus 50 mg dasatanib orally (p.o.) twice daily (starting dose level 0) up to 10 mg/kg i.v. bevacizumab q2wks plus 100 mg dasatinib p.o. twice daily (dose level 3). Patients were assessed for dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) during the first four weeks of treatment (i.e., at the end of cycle 2). DLTs were defined as the following toxicities (considered at least possibly related to the study treatment): 1) Grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia, grade 4 anemia, or grade 4 neutropenia lasting 7 days; 2) any non-hematologic grade 3+ toxicity, excluding alopecia and venous thromboembolism; 3) Grade 3/4 nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and electrolyte abnormalities, such as hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia if they cannot be controlled by medical therapy; 4) failure to recover from toxicities to be eligible for re-treatment with bevacizumab and dasatinib 28 days of the last dose of the two drugs. Following completion of the phase I dose escalation, in the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II portion of the Loxiglumide (CR1505) study, patients were randomized 2:1 to receive either 100 mg twice-daily dasatinib p.o. or placebo from day 1 to 14 of each 14-day cycle and 10 mg/kg i.v. bevacizumab (over 90 minutes) on day 1 of each 14-day cycle. Patients received study treatment until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, decision to withdraw from study, or changes in the patient condition that in the investigators judgement would prevent or render the patient unacceptable for further treatment. The primary objective of Tsc2 the study was to estimate the efficacy of bevacizumab in combination with dasatinib (arm A) in recurrent GBM, as measured by PFS6, compared with the efficacy of bevacizumab with placebo (arm B). The secondary objectives were to determine objective response, time to disease progression (TTP), and overall survival (OS), as well as to assess the safety and toxicity of bevacizumab combined with dasatinib. Patient-reported quality of life (QOL) outcomes were also evaluated. Exploratory endpoints included associations between molecular (Src pathway activation in baseline tissue) and.